Sometimes we face the erorr “Gem::FilePermissionError: You don’t have write permissions for the /Library/Ruby/Gems/x.x.x directory”. This error message indicates that the user doesn’t have the necessary permissions to install Ruby gems system-wide. This is because the system Ruby installation requires administrative privileges to modify its gem directory.

To resolve this issue, there is a few options:

1. Use a Ruby Version Manager (Recommended)

Instead of installing gems globally, consider using a Ruby version manager like rbenv or RVM. These tools allow you to manage multiple Ruby versions and gems without requiring administrative permissions.

Using rbenv

1. Install rbenv if you haven't already.
2. Install the desired version of Ruby using rbenv.
3. Install gems without needing elevated permissions.

Using RVM

1. Install RVM if you haven't already.
2. Install the desired version of Ruby using RVM.
3. Use the installed Ruby version without needing elevated permissions to install gems.

IO

Ruby程序在启动后会预先分配3个IO对象:
标准输入 - 预定义常量(STDIN), 全局变量($stdin)
标准输出 - 预定义常量(STDOUT), 全局变量($stdout)
标准错误输出 - 预定义常量(STDERR), 全局变量($stderr)

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$stdout.print "output something from $stdout\n"
STDERR.print "output something from $stderr\n"

IO对象是否与控制台关联，我们可以通过**tty?**方法来判断。

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if $stdin.tty?
  print "stdin is a tty"
else
  print "stdin is not a tty"
end

正则表达式(Regexp)

Ruby中的正则表达式用Regexp类来表示，正则表达式描述的是一种模式，该模式用于匹配字符串。

创建

其创建方式有多种：
1.使用**/ /** 把字符串括起来，可以简单地创建出正则表达式

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reg1 = /Ruby/
puts reg1.class       #=> Regexp

散列类

散列(Hash)和数组一样，都是表示对象集合的对象，不同之处在于，数组使用索引来取得元素，而散列则是用键key，key可以是任何对象，而索引则不能，只能是整数。

散列的创建

1.使用 {}

    {key=>value}
    或
    {key:value}

字符串比较

Ruby中比较字符串是否相同也是用**==和!=**等运算符

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#whether two strings are equal
puts "aaa" == "aab" 		#=> false
puts "aaa" != "aab"			#=> true

如果是判断两字符串是否相似，采用正则表达式匹配更加简单。

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#whether two strings are similar
reg = Regexp.new("^a+b$")
p "aaa" =~ reg 			#=> nil (not similar)
p "ab" =~ reg 			#=> 0 (similar)
p "aab" =~ reg 			#=> 0 (similar)
p "acb" =~ reg 			#=> nil (not similar)

字符串的创建

普通创建

Ruby中使用**” “或‘ ‘符号来创建字符串，在字符串中也可以包含表达式#{}**，这个表达式被称之为内嵌表达式。如果字符串中需要包含””或者’’等字符时，则可以通过转义字符\来实现。

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str = "this is a string"
puts str

str = 'this is also a string'
puts str

args = "string with argument"
puts "this is a #{args}"

str = "Hello 'string'"
puts str

str = "Hello \"string\""
puts str

Octopress was broken after I upgraded Mac to OS X EI Capitan 10.11.1 in these days. The details of the problem is below.

Octopress is work well in Mac10.10. but when I upgraded to Mac10.11.1(OS X EI Capitan). And put rake preview in terminal to see the blog what looks like, got following error.

Starting to watch source with Jekyll and Compass. Starting Rack on port 4000
rake aborted!
Errno::ENOENT: No such file or directory - compass
/Users/user/git/octopress/Rakefile:85:in spawn
/Users/user/git/octopress/Rakefile:85:in block in <top (required)>
Tasks: TOP => preview
(See full trace by running task with --trace)

替换数组内的元素

根据指定规则替换数组中的元素，Ruby也提供了以下方法:

ary.collect { |item| …}
ary.collect! { |item| …}
ary.map { |item| …}
ary.map! { |item| …}

将数组ary中的各元素item传递给块做处理。

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ary = [1, 2, 3]
ary1 = ary.collect do |item|
    item*2
end

p ary1					#=> [ 2, 4, 6]

ary2 = ary.map do |item|
    if item % 2 == 0
        0
    else
        1
    end
end

p ary2					#=> [1, 0, 1]

数组(Array)也是Ruby中表现一组数据的对象

数组的创建

创建方式有一下几种：
1.使用Array.new
Array#new方法可带两个可选参数，第1个参数表示数组中得个数，第2个参数表示每个元素初始值。如果没有指定第2个参数，其元素的初始值为nil。如果不带参数则会创建一个空数组。

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#不带参数c
ary = Array.new
p ary					#=> []

#带1个参数
ary = Array.new(3)
p ary					#=> [nil, nil, nil]

#带2个参数
ary = Array.new(3, 5)
p ary					#=> [5, 5, 5]

Ruby中所有表现数据的类型都称为数值类，他们都是Numeric的子类。起详尽的类继承结构如下：